在機(jī)械傳動(dòng)領(lǐng)域，絲杠如同設(shè)備運(yùn)行的 “精準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺”，但軸向間隙的存在卻會(huì)讓這份精準(zhǔn)大打折扣，導(dǎo)致設(shè)備運(yùn)行出現(xiàn)位移偏差、振動(dòng)加劇等問(wèn)題。想要讓絲杠恢復(fù)穩(wěn)定的傳動(dòng)性能，軸向間隙勢(shì)在必行，這需要從原理分析到方法應(yīng)用，步步為營(yíng)攻克難題。

　　In the field of mechanical transmission, the screw is like a "precise ruler" for equipment operation, but the existence of axial clearance can greatly reduce this accuracy, leading to displacement deviation, increased vibration and other problems during equipment operation. It is imperative to eliminate axial clearance in order to restore stable and efficient transmission performance of the screw. This requires a step-by-step approach from principle analysis to method application to overcome difficulties.

　　找準(zhǔn) “病根”：解析間隙產(chǎn)生的源頭

　　Identifying the 'root cause': Analyzing the source of gap generation

　　絲杠產(chǎn)生軸向間隙的原因多種多樣。長(zhǎng)期使用后，絲杠與螺母的螺紋面磨損，配合精度下降，會(huì)導(dǎo)致間隙逐漸增大；裝配過(guò)程中，如果安裝不當(dāng)，比如絲杠與支撐軸承的同軸度誤差過(guò)大，或者螺母與工作臺(tái)的連接不牢固，也會(huì)造成軸向間隙出現(xiàn)。此外，溫度變化引起的熱脹冷縮，以及設(shè)備運(yùn)行時(shí)受到的沖擊載荷，都會(huì)使絲杠的軸向位置發(fā)生微小變動(dòng)，久而久之形成間隙。只有明確間隙產(chǎn)生的具體原因，才能 “對(duì)癥下藥” 選擇合適的方法。

　　There are various reasons for the axial clearance of lead screws. After long-term use, the threaded surface of the screw and nut will wear out, the fitting accuracy will decrease, and the gap will gradually increase; During the assembly process, improper installation, such as excessive coaxiality error between the lead screw and the supporting bearing, or loose connection between the nut and the worktable, can also cause axial clearance. In addition, thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes, as well as impact loads experienced during equipment operation, can cause slight changes in the axial position of the screw, leading to the formation of gaps over time. Only by identifying the specific reasons for the gap can appropriate elimination methods be chosen accordingly.

　　墊片調(diào)整法：“加減” 之間的精準(zhǔn)調(diào)控

　　Gasket adjustment method: precise control between "addition and subtraction"

　　墊片調(diào)整法是較為常見(jiàn)且基礎(chǔ)的方式。在絲杠的軸承座與安裝基面之間，通過(guò)增減墊片的厚度來(lái)調(diào)整軸向位置。先拆卸絲杠的軸承端蓋，測(cè)量現(xiàn)有間隙大小，根據(jù)測(cè)量結(jié)果選擇合適厚度的墊片。若間隙較小，可增加較薄的墊片；間隙較大時(shí)，則需更換較厚的墊片。添加墊片后，重新安裝軸承端蓋并擰緊螺栓，此時(shí)通過(guò)墊片的厚度補(bǔ)償，絲杠與螺母的軸向配合得到調(diào)整，間隙得以減小。這種方法操作相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，但對(duì)墊片厚度的選擇要求較高，需要多次嘗試和測(cè)量，以達(dá)到的間隙效果。

　　The gasket adjustment method is a common and fundamental elimination method. Adjust the axial position between the bearing seat of the screw and the installation base by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the gasket. First, remove the bearing end cover of the screw, measure the existing gap size, and select the appropriate thickness gasket based on the measurement results. If the gap is small, thinner gaskets can be added; When the gap is large, a thicker gasket needs to be replaced. After adding the gasket, reinstall the bearing end cover and tighten the bolts. At this time, the axial fit between the screw and nut is adjusted by compensating for the thickness of the gasket, and the gap is reduced. This method is relatively simple to operate, but requires high selection of gasket thickness, requiring multiple attempts and measurements to achieve the best clearance elimination effect.

　　雙螺母預(yù)緊法：“雙向擠壓” 的穩(wěn)定之道

　　Double nut pre tightening method: the stable way of "bi-directional extrusion"

　　雙螺母預(yù)緊法能有效提高絲杠的傳動(dòng)精度和剛性。在同一根絲杠上安裝兩個(gè)螺母，通過(guò)一定方式使兩個(gè)螺母產(chǎn)生軸向相對(duì)位移，形成預(yù)緊力，從而間隙。常見(jiàn)的預(yù)緊方式有墊片預(yù)緊、螺紋預(yù)緊和齒差預(yù)緊。墊片預(yù)緊是在兩個(gè)螺母之間安裝墊片，通過(guò)調(diào)整墊片厚度使螺母產(chǎn)生相對(duì)位移；螺紋預(yù)緊則是利用螺母上的螺紋結(jié)構(gòu)，旋轉(zhuǎn)其中一個(gè)螺母改變兩者間距；齒差預(yù)緊是在兩個(gè)螺母的凸緣上加工出齒數(shù)不同的齒輪，與固定在螺母座上的內(nèi)齒圈相嚙合，通過(guò)調(diào)整齒輪的相對(duì)位置實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)緊。雙螺母預(yù)緊后，無(wú)論絲杠受到哪個(gè)方向的軸向力，都能通過(guò)兩個(gè)螺母的相互擠壓抵消間隙，使傳動(dòng)更加平穩(wěn)、精準(zhǔn)。

　　The double nut pre tightening method can effectively improve the transmission accuracy and rigidity of the screw. Install two nuts on the same lead screw, and use a certain method to cause axial relative displacement between the two nuts, forming a preload force to eliminate the gap. Common pre tightening methods include gasket pre tightening, thread pre tightening, and tooth difference pre tightening. Pre tightening of gaskets is the process of installing gaskets between two nuts and adjusting the thickness of the gaskets to cause relative displacement of the nuts; Thread pre tightening is the use of the thread structure on the nut, rotating one of the nuts to change the distance between the two; Tooth difference pre tightening is the process of machining gears with different numbers of teeth on the flanges of two nuts, meshing with the internal gear ring fixed on the nut seat, and achieving pre tightening by adjusting the relative position of the gears. After pre tightening the double nuts, regardless of the direction of axial force on the screw, the clearance can be offset by the mutual compression of the two nuts, making the transmission smoother and more accurate.

　　更換磨損部件：“除舊布新” 的徹底修復(fù)

　　Replacing worn parts: a thorough repair of "removing old and replacing with new"

　　當(dāng)絲杠或螺母磨損嚴(yán)重，其他方法難以達(dá)到理想效果時(shí)，更換磨損部件是直接有效的措施。先拆卸絲杠和螺母，仔細(xì)檢查其磨損情況，確認(rèn)需要更換后，選擇與原型號(hào)規(guī)格一致的新品。安裝新部件時(shí)，嚴(yán)格按照裝配工藝要求操作，確保絲杠與螺母的同軸度、平行度等參數(shù)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。同時(shí)，對(duì)相關(guān)的軸承、密封件等也進(jìn)行檢查和更換，避免因其他部件的問(wèn)題再次引發(fā)軸向間隙。更換完成后，還需進(jìn)行的調(diào)試和檢測(cè)，確保絲杠的傳動(dòng)性能恢復(fù)正常。

　　When the screw or nut is severely worn and other methods are difficult to achieve the desired effect, replacing the worn parts is the most direct and effective measure. First, disassemble the lead screw and nut, carefully inspect their wear condition, confirm that they need to be replaced, and then select a new product that is consistent with the original model specifications. When installing new components, strictly follow the assembly process requirements to ensure that the coaxiality, parallelism, and other parameters of the screw and nut meet the standards. At the same time, relevant bearings, seals, etc. are also inspected and replaced to avoid further axial clearance caused by problems with other components. After the replacement is completed, comprehensive debugging and testing are needed to ensure that the transmission performance of the screw is restored to normal.

　　日常維護(hù)：間隙防控的 “長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制”

　　Daily maintenance: a 'long-term mechanism' for gap prevention and control

　　軸向間隙后，日常維護(hù)同樣關(guān)鍵。定期對(duì)絲杠進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑保養(yǎng)，使用合適的潤(rùn)滑油或潤(rùn)滑脂，減少螺紋面的摩擦和磨損；避免設(shè)備超負(fù)荷運(yùn)行，防止過(guò)大的沖擊載荷對(duì)絲杠造成損傷；在設(shè)備停機(jī)期間，做好防塵、防潮措施，防止灰塵、水分進(jìn)入絲杠與螺母的配合間隙，影響傳動(dòng)精度。通過(guò)這些維護(hù)措施，能夠有效延緩絲杠軸向間隙的產(chǎn)生，延長(zhǎng)設(shè)備的使用壽命。

　　After eliminating the axial clearance, daily maintenance is equally crucial. Regularly lubricate and maintain the screw, using appropriate lubricating oil or grease to reduce friction and wear on the threaded surface; Avoid overloading the equipment and prevent excessive impact loads from damaging the screw; During equipment shutdown, take measures to prevent dust and moisture from entering the clearance between the screw and nut, which may affect transmission accuracy. Through these maintenance measures, the generation of axial clearance of the screw can be effectively delayed, and the service life of the equipment can be extended.

　　絲杠軸向間隙的是保障機(jī)械傳動(dòng)精度的重要環(huán)節(jié)。從剖析間隙根源到靈活運(yùn)用各種方法，再到建立完善的維護(hù)機(jī)制，每一步都關(guān)乎設(shè)備的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。打贏這場(chǎng) “清零行動(dòng)”，才能讓絲杠在精密傳動(dòng)的舞臺(tái)上持續(xù)發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用，為機(jī)械設(shè)備的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)保駕護(hù)航。

　　The elimination of axial clearance of screw is an important link to ensure the accuracy of mechanical transmission. From analyzing the root cause of gaps to flexibly applying various elimination methods, and then establishing a comprehensive maintenance mechanism, every step is related to the stable operation of the equipment. Winning this' zero tolerance action 'is essential for the screw to continue playing a crucial role on the stage of precision transmission, safeguarding the efficient operation of mechanical equipment.

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